Evidence of good and bad player momentum between games in basketball / Evidencia de buen y mal momentum entre partidos para el jugador de baloncesto / Evidência de bom e mau momentum entre os jogos para o jogador de basquete

La existencia de rachas en baloncesto ha sido estudiada en equipos (momentum del equipo) y jugadores (mano caliente/momentum del jugador), utilizando diferentes métodos y alcanzando resultados contradictorios. Sin embargo, investigación empírica reciente muestra que este tipo de fenómenos de rachas son reales y no un sesgo de la percepción. En esta investigación se analiza una forma de rachas de juego para el jugador que hasta ahora no había sido considerada: el momentum del jugador entre partidos. Empleando una muestra de 39 jugadores y 3483 partidos de las temporadas 2016/17 y 2017/18 en la NBA, se analiza los puntos anotados por minuto en situaciones de muy alto y también muy bajo rendimiento. Los resultados sugieren que hay una cierta tendencia que refleja el momentum, tanto para buenos como para malos rendimientos, pero ese resultado está influenciado por el porcentaje de uso del jugador, es decir, su capacidad para acaparar juego. La tendencia es ir hacia atrás (en torno a un 60-70%) en ladistribución de anotaciones tras un partido muy bueno, y de ir hacia delante (en torno a un 30-40%) en la distribución de anotaciones tras un partido muy malo. Las implicaciones para la toma de decisiones son discutidas finalmente.(AU)

The existence of streaks in basketball has been studied for teams (team momentum) and players (hot hand/player momentum) using disparate methods and reaching some conflicting results. However, recent empirical research shows these types of streaks are real and not an artifact of perception. In this research, we analyze a form of player streak that has not been considered before player momentum between games. Using a sample of 39 players and 3483 games of the 2016/17 and 2017/18 NBA regular seasons, we studied the distribution of points scored per minute focusing on both tails of this distribution for each player, i.e., extremely high, and extremely low performance within the same season. Results suggest that there is a certain trend reflecting momentum (for both good and bad performances), but this outcome is influenced by the usage percentage. The trend is to jump back to around 60-70% of the distribution of scores after a very good game and to jump forward to around 30-40% of the distribution of scores after a very bad game. Implications for decision-making are discussed at the end.(AU)

A existência de sequências no basquetebol têm sido estudadas em equipas (momentum da equipa) e jogadores (mão quente/momentum do jogador), utilizando diferentes métodos e chegando a resultados contraditórios. No entanto, estudosempíricos recentes evidenciaram queesse tipo de fenômeno é real e não um viés de percepção. Este estudo analisou uma forma de sequência de jogo para o jogador que até então não havia sido considerada: o ímpeto do jogador entre as partidas. Para tal, participaram neste estudo 39 jogadores e 3483 jogos das temporadas 2016/17 e 2017/18 da NBA, e foram analisados os pontos marcados por minuto em situações de alto e baixo desempenho. Os resultados sugerem que existe uma certa tendência que reflete o momentum, tanto para as boas como para as más exibições, mas esse resultado é influenciado pela percentagem de aproveitamento do jogador, ou seja, a sua capacidadede dominaro jogo. As implicações para a tomada de decisão são finalmente discutidas.(AU)

Universal prevention through a digital health platform reduces injury incidence in youth athletics (track and field): a cluster randomised controlled trial.

OBJECTIVES: To examine whether universal prevention via a digital health platform can reduce the injury incidence in athletics athletes aged 12-15 years and if club size had an influence on the effect of the intervention. METHODS: This was a cluster randomised trial where young athletics athletes were randomised through their club following stratification by club size into intervention (11 clubs; 56 athletes) and control (10 clubs; 79 athletes) groups. The primary endpoint was time from baseline to the first self-reported injury. Intervention group parents and coaches were given access to a website with health information adapted to adolescent athletes and were encouraged to log in and explore its content during 16 weeks. The control group continued training as normal. Training exposure and injury data were self-reported by youths/parents every second week, that is, eight times. The primary endpoint data were analysed using the log-rank test. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to analyse the second study aim with intervention status and club size included in the explanatory models. RESULTS: The proportion of completed training reports was 85% (n=382) in the intervention group and 86% (n=545) in the control group. The injury incidence was significantly lower (HR=0.62; χ2=3.865; p=0.049) in the intervention group. The median time to first injury was 16 weeks in the intervention group and 8 weeks in the control group. An interaction effect between the intervention and stratification factor was observed with a difference in injury risk between athletes in the large clubs in the intervention group versus their peers in the control group (HR 0.491 (95% CI 0.242 to 0.998); p=0.049). CONCLUSIONS: A protective effect against injury through universal access to health information adapted for adolescent athletes was observed in youth athletics athletes. The efficacy of the intervention was stronger in large clubs. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT03459313.

Apparent temperature and heat-related illnesses during international athletic championships: A prospective cohort study.

International outdoor athletics championships are typically hosted during the summer season, frequently in hot and humid climatic conditions. Therefore, we analyzed the association between apparent temperature and heat-related illnesses occurrence during international outdoor athletics championships and compared its incidence rates between athletics disciplines. Heat-related illnesses were selected from illness data prospectively collected at seven international outdoor athletics championships between 2009 and 2018 using a standardized methodology. The Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI) was calculated as a measure of the apparent temperature based on weather data for each day of the championships. Heat-related illness numbers and (daily) incidence rates were calculated and analyzed in relation to the daily maximum UTCI temperature and between disciplines. During 50 championships days with UTCI temperatures between 15℃ and 37℃, 132 heat-related illnesses were recorded. Average incidence rate of heat-related illnesses was 11.7 (95%CI 9.7 to 13.7) per 1000 registered athletes. The expected daily incidence rate of heat-related illnesses increased significantly with UTCI temperature (0.12 more illnesses per 1000 registered athletes/°C; 95%CI 0.08-0.16) and was found to double from 25 to 35°C UTCI. Race walkers (RR = 45.5, 95%CI 21.6-96.0) and marathon runners (RR = 47.7, 95%CI 23.0-98.8) had higher heat-related illness rates than athletes competing in short-duration disciplines. Higher UTCI temperatures were associated with more heat-related illnesses, with marathon and race walking athletes having higher risk than athletes competing in short-duration disciplines. Heat-related illness prevention strategies should predominantly focus on marathon and race walking events of outdoor athletics championships when high temperatures are forecast.

Critical Speed throughout Aging: Insight into the World Masters Championships.

PURPOSE: This study aimed to determine how the speed-distance relationship, described by critical speed (CS) and distance prime (D'), is altered with aging. METHODS: Official race data from the past eight World Masters Athletics Indoor Track and Field World Championships were used for this study. CS and D' were calculated for female and male athletes (35-90 yr of age) who registered times for the 800-, 1500-, and 3000-m runs during a single championship to determine the relationship between age and CS and D'. Twenty-six athletes completed sufficient races in multiple championships to retrospectively assess the change in CS and D' over time. RESULTS: Cross-sectional data indicated that CS continuously decreases after age 35 yr in a curvilinear manner with advancing age (R2 = 0.73, P < 0.001, n = 187), with even greater decreases in CS occurring after ~70 yr of age. D' also changed in a curvilinear manner with age (R2 = 0.45, P < 0.001, n = 103), such that decreases were observed between 35 and 70 yr, followed by an increase in D' thereafter. Retrospective, longitudinal data, with an average follow-up of 6.38 ± 1.73 yr, support these findings, indicating that the annual decrease in CS grows with advancing age (e.g., ~1% vs ~3% annual decrease in CS at age 55 vs 80 yr, respectively) and that D' shifts from an annual decrease (e.g., ~2.5% annual decrease at 55 yr) to an annual increase (e.g., ~2.5% annual increase at 80 yr) around 70 yr of age. Importantly, the relationship between CS and race pace was unaffected by age, supporting the relevance of CS throughout aging. CONCLUSION: Even among world-class athletes, CS decreases and D' changes with aging. These adaptations may contribute to the diminished exercise ability associated with aging.

Breaking the athletics world record in the 100 and 400 meters: an alternative method for assessment.

BACKGROUND: The top 10 athletes in the International Association of Athletic Federations in 100-m and 400-m ranking for each sex were assessed for their history of race times before achieving their personal record (PR). The main goal of this study was to create a new method for optimal performance improvement rate assessment for coaches and athletes aiming the World Record. METHODS: The difference between PR ('current' season) and the best race time in the last season was defined as the first season improvement rate (1-SIR), whereas the average improvement rate in the last and preceding seasons was the multi-season improvement rate (M-SIR). 1-SIR and M-SIR were calculated for each athlete. RESULTS: The sex comparison for the 100 m event showed a significant difference in the M-SIR in favor of women. No statistical differences were identified for the 400 m event, with a trivial effect in both 1-SIR and M-SIR. CONCLUSIONS: As a practical applicability, graph plots were designed to help verifying the improvement rate of athletes and to evaluate whether a long-term training strategy induced an acceptable performance improvement or whether some adjustments needed and check within the plots if the improvement rate is within the average of the top-10 athletes of their event.

Construct validity and reliability of the Talent Development Environment Questionnaire in Caribbean youth track and field athletes.

Caribbean nations stand to benefit significantly from the potential insights that can be gained from the assessment of their athlete talent development environments; which in turn can lead to the formulation of evidence-based strategies and improvements to their sport development pathways. The principal aim of this study was to examine the psychometric properties of the 25-item TDEQ-5 to determine its validity to assess the development environments of talented youth track and field athletes from six English-speaking Caribbean countries. As a secondary aim, we sought to examine athletes' perceptions of their talent development environment within this context. Confirmatory factor analysis revealed adequate model fit of a re-specified model and good overall internal reliability of the scale, therefore offering support for its use within this context. Furthermore, adequate construct validity and internal reliability was found within three subscales (i.e., communication, holistic quality preparation and support network) with subpar scores within two subscales (i.e., long-term development focus and alignment of expectations). Preliminary findings on athletes' perceptions of their environment revealed key strengths in coaches' long-term development focus and communication, however deficiencies were noted in the accessibility and availability of sport-related support and preparation of athletes. In conclusion, the re-specified TDEQ-5 with 25 items appears to be a reliable and valid measure within the Caribbean context. However, it is recommended that the scale be used with some caution with regard to the interpretation of results for the 'long-term development focus' and 'alignment of expectations' subscales.

An 8-year Analysis of Magnesium Status in Elite International Track & Field Athletes.

Magnesium plays a critical role in athlete health and performance. It is involved in numerous physiological mechanisms that support energy production, immune function, pain modulation, muscle function and bone health. Athletes may be susceptible to magnesium deficiency due to an increased utilization during exercise.Objective: This study reports on the magnesium status of 192 Olympic and Paralympic athletes over the course of eight years.Methods: Athletes on the British Athletics world class performance plan undertook blood testing for Red Cell Magnesium status. Their history of tendon pain, muscle and bone injury, ethnicity, sporting event and gender were also recorded. 510 samples from 192 athletes were included in the study.Results: On at least one blood test during the study time, 22% of athletes were identified as clinically deficient (<1.19 mmol/L). The average red cell magnesium concentration was 1.34 nmol/L. Magnesium was significantly lower in female athletes and those with Black or Mixed-Race ethnicity and was higher in Throws athletes and Paralympians with Cerebral Palsy. Athletes with a history of achilles or patella tendon pain had significantly lower magnesium levels than average.Conclusions: This study highlights the importance of investigating magnesium within this population to identify deficiency and support athlete health. Several areas for future work are identified to explore the relationship between magnesium and gender, ethnicity and tendon pain and muscle injury in athletes. Furthermore, new guidelines for magnesium status within athletics populations are proposed.

Improved Performance in Master Runners Competing in the European Championships Between 1978 and 2014.

Schneider, AL, Nikolaidis, PT, and Knechtle, B. Improved performance in master runners competing in the European championships between 1978 and 2014. J Strength Cond Res 33(9): 2559-2569, 2019-The performance trends in elite runners have been well investigated, but we have no knowledge about performance trends and the difference between the sexes in elderly runners competing at a high level in varying distances. The purpose of this study was to investigate the performance of these age groups. Data from 17 European Championships held between 1978 and 2014 were analyzed for various race distances (i.e., 100, 200, 400, 800, 1,500, 5,000, 10,000 m, and marathon). Running speed for the top 8 female and male finalists for each age group (35-99 years, split into 5-year gaps) and each race distance were included. A 2-way analysis of variance compared the effects of sex, race distance, age group and calendar year on speed. Subsequent comparisons between race distances, age groups, or calendar years were performed using a post hoc Bonferroni's test. Our analysis shows that men were faster than women in all distances, and the difference between the sexes was greater in the shorter distances. Speed was higher for shorter distances than for longer distances. Younger participants were faster than older ones, and the effect of age group was the largest for the 200 m. There was a minor effect of calendar year on speed in the 100, 20, 1,500, 10,000 m and marathon, and a minor calendar year × sex interaction on running speed was shown for the 200 m. For athletes and coaches, the current study demonstrates that both male and female athletes improved their running performance over time and that the sex gap may have reached its limit.

Dying to win? Olympic Gold medals and longevity.

This paper compares mortality between Gold and Silver medalists in Olympic Track and Field to study how achievement influences health. Contrary to conventional wisdom, winners die over one year earlier than losers. I find strong evidence of differences in earnings and occupational choices as a mechanism. Losers pursued higher-paying occupations than winners according to individual Census records. I find no evidence consistent with selection or risk-taking. How people respond to success or failure in pivotal life events may produce long-lasting consequences for health.

Relative age effects in international age group championships: A study of Spanish track and field athletes.

The relative age effect is a well-researched phenomenon, however there is still a dearth of understanding in track and field and female sport. This study investigated the role of relative age on selection for international competition of Spanish age group athletes between 2006-2014. Six hundred and forty two athletes competed for Spain at U20 or U18 age group international competition (n = 359 males; 283 females) across 9 years. The birthdates of these athletes were compared against the population of registered athletes at that time (14,502 males; 10,096 females). The results highlighted the influential role of relative age on selection to these opportunities. In line with previous research, this effect was mediated by age and gender, with stronger effects for both males and younger athletes (U18). The data best supported the 'maturation-selection' hypothesis as a mechanism for RAEs. These results highlight the need to carefully consider the role and need for international competitive opportunities at different age groups. A number of possible context relevant solutions are discussed, including correction adjustments techniques and competition structure within track and field.

Motivos de participacion deportiva en jovenes deportistas mexicanos / Motivos para a participação do desporto em jovens esportistas mexicanos / Motives for sports participation in young mexican athletes

El propósito del presente estudio es analizar los motivos de la participación deportiva de jóvenes deportistas mexicanos, así como las diferencias de género, según la práctica deportiva y las regiones de procedencia. Los participantes fueron deportistas en este estudio fueron 758 deportistas (376 mujeres y 382 hombres) con edades comprendidas entre 10 y 21 años, de todo el país, y participantes 16 deportes. Se utilizó la versión del Cuestionario de Motivos de Participación (PMQ; Gill, Gross y Huddleston, 1983) realizada por Scalon, Becker y Brauner (1999). Los resultados muestran, que las principales razones esgrimidas por los deportistas son estar en forma, estar fuerte y saludable, porque les gusta y también por mejorar sus habilidades. Según el género y edad, también existen diferencias estadísticamente significativas, en muchos de los motivos expuestos para la práctica deportiva. Asimismo, se aprecian diferencias significativas según sea la práctica individual o colectiva y entre deportes de combate y no combate. Los resultados procuran información sumamente interesante para el diseño de los ambientes deportivos y para que los entrenadores adapten la práctica a los intereses de los jóvenes deportistas. Futuras investigaciones deberían incidir en este tópico con estudios cualitativos que ayuden a conocer en profundidad la realidad del deporte y deportistas mexicanos (AU)

The purpose of this study is to analyze the participation motives of young Mexican athletes as well as gender-based differences according to the sport practiced and the regions they hail from. Seven hundred fifty-eight athletes participated in this study (376 females and 382 males) between the ages of 10 and 21 years old, from throughout the country and who participate in 16 different sports. The version of the Participation Motivation Questionnaire (PMQ; Gill, Gross and Huddleston, 1983) made by Scalon, Becker and Brauner (1999) was used. Results showed that the main reasons given by the athletes were to be in shape, be strong and healthy, because they like to and also to hone their skills. There are also significant statistical differences according to gender and age in many of the reasons given to practice sports. One may also appreciate significant differences according to whether it is an individual or team sport and between combat and non-combat sports. The results provide quite interesting information for designing sports venues and for coaches to adapt practices according to the interests of young athletes. Future research on this topic should include qualitative studies that will help acquire in-depth knowledge of sports and Mexican athletes (AU)

O objetivo do presente estudo é analisar os motivos da participação esportiva de jovens atletas mexicanos assim como as diferenças de gênero, segundo a prática esportiva e as regiões de procedência. Os participantes atletas deste estudo foram 758 atletas (376 mulheres e 382 homens), com idades entre 10 e 21 anos, de todo o país, e participantes de 16 esportes. Utilizou-se a versão do Questionário de Motivos de Participação (PMQ; Gill, Gross y Huddleston, 1983), realizada por Scalon, Becker y Brauner (1999). Os resultados mostram que as principais razões esgrimidas pelos atletas são estar em forma, estar forte e saudável porque eles gostam e também por melhorar suas habilidades. Segundo o gênero e a idade, também existem diferenças estatisticamente significativas, em muitos dos motivos expostos para a prática esportiva. Assim mesmo, é possível observar diferenças significativas de acordo com a prática individual ou coletiva e entre esportes de combate e não combate. Os resultados procuram informação sumamente interessante para o desenho dos ambientes esportivos e para que os treinadores adaptem a prática aos interesses dos jovens atletas. Futuras investigações deveriam incidir neste tópico com estudos qualitativos que ajudem a conhecer a fundo a realidade do esporte e atletas mexicanos (AU)

Análisis del contexto deportivo de ciclistas y triatletas españolas / Analysis of the sporting context of spanish female competitive cyclists and triathletes

El objetivo del presente estudio fue conocer y comparar las características psicosociales de las ciclistas y triatletas federadas en España estableciendo unas pautas de actuación que mejoren su situación en el deporte de competición. Se analizan dos deportes con aspectos comunes (uso de la bicicleta en competición, participantes que realizan ambos deportes…) y diferenciadores (deporte clásico vs deporte moderno), con el objeto de descubrir las posibles diferencias y/o similitudes entre ambos. En este estudio descriptivo participaron 80 ciclistas y 126 triatletas. Se determinó el perfil sociodemográfico promedio de las ciclistas y triatletas mediante 2 cuestionarios semiestructurados que permitieron definirlas como deportistas a) amateurs con tendencia competidora, b) iniciadas a una edad tardía en su especialidad deportiva, c) con una amplia experiencia deportiva, d) con un nivel alto de estudios completado o en curso, y e) pertenecientes a un estrato social medio. Tras el análisis de los resultados creemos que se hace necesario un cambio en la política deportiva de las federaciones deportivas así como iniciativas tendentes a la mejora de las condiciones de competición de estas deportistas (AU)

The aim of this study was to know and compare the psychosocial characteristics from Spanish under-licence female cyclists and triathletes establishing guidelines to improve their situation in competitive sport. We compared two sports with common aspects (use of a bicycle in competition, participants who participate in both sports...) and differentiating ones (classic sport vs. modern), with the aim of uncover potential differences and/or similarities between the two. 80 cyclists and 126 triathletes took part in this descriptive study. We determined the average socio-demographic profile of cyclists and triathletes through 2 semi-structured questionnaires. The athletes’ average socio-sporting profile was defined as a) amateur with a competitive tendency; b) who became specialised in the sport at a late age; c) having vast sporting experience; d) having completed, or completing, a high level of education; e) belonging to the middle class. We believe a change in politics in sports federations is needed, as are initiatives to improve competition conditions for these athletes (AU)

A Review of Injury Patterns in Athletes Competing in Combined Competitions: Heptathlon and Decathlon.

Decathlon and heptathlon, the flagship events in the category of "combined events" within the sport of track and field, are contested by athletes possessing skill and talent in running, jumping, and throwing. The athleticism required to excel in decathlon and heptathlon has led to the unofficial recognition of the Olympic champions in these events, as "the greatest athletes in the world." The diversity of training and the intense demands of competition place these athletes at risk for a variety of injuries. The team physician or event physician must be knowledgeable about this unique group of athletes to deliver appropriate medical care when needed. The purpose of this article is to review the common injuries and injury patterns affecting the combined event athlete.

Centenarian athletes: Examples of ultimate human performance?

BACKGROUND: some centenarians are engaged in regular physical activity and sometimes in sporting events. OBJECTIVE: we aimed to identify world records of centenarian athletes in several sports and determine which represented the best performance when compared to all-age world records, all disciplines taken together. METHODS: all of the best performances achieved by centenarians were identified and compared in three disciplines: athletics, swimming and cycling. The performances were considered as an average of the respective speeds, except for jumping and throwing events for which the maximum distances performed were considered. Within each discipline, the decline in performance of centenarian athletes was expressed as a percentage of the world record for that discipline. In total, 60 performances of centenarian athletes were found. These performances belong to 19 individuals: 10 in athletics, 8 in swimming and 1 in cycling. RESULTS: the centenarian world record performed by Robert Marchand in one hour track cycling appears to be the best performance (-50.6% compared with the all-age world record in this discipline) achieved by a centenarian. CONCLUSIONS: although the physiological characteristics of Robert Marchand are certainly exceptional, his remarkable performance could also be due to the lower age-related decline for cycling performances compared with running and swimming. Our observations offer new perspectives on how the human body can resist the deleterious effects of ageing.

"Ellas a estudiar y bailar, ellos a hacer deporte": Un estudio de las actividades extraescolares de los adolescentes mediante los presupuestos de tiempo / "Elas estudam e dançam, eles praticam desportos": um estudo das atividades extracurriculares dos adolescentes por meio de orçamentos de tempo / "Girls, study and dance; boys, play sports": A study of the extracurricular activities of adolescents through time budgets

Los estudios sobre actividades extraescolares en la adolescencia muestran que el tiempo no escolar puede utilizarse para mejorar el rendimiento académico y el desarrollo de la persona, pero también es posible emplearlo en conductas de riesgo o adicciones. Estos matices diferenciales pueden analizarse mediante un presupuesto de tiempo (PT), que además de registrar las actividades practicadas, incorpora la diversidad de las mismas dentro del repertorio del adolescente, la distribución y la cantidad de tiempo destinado en distintos días y las personas que les acompañan en cada práctica. Con base en esta sensibilidad, nuestro objetivo fue conocer los usos del tiempo al salir de la escuela, atendiendo a las relaciones interpersonales y los patrones de repetición en las actividades extraescolares. Participaron 103 adolescentes (43 chicas, 60 chicos), entre 11 y 18 años (M = 14.1; DT = 2.0). Se utilizó un PT ad hoc, registrándose durante una semana las actividades -físico-deportivas, de formación o artísticas-, realizadas fuera del horario escolar, especificando con quién se realizaba cada actividad. Los resultados obtenidos muestran escasa multiactividad, diferencias entre chicas y chicos respecto a la realización de actividades, momentos y tiempos de prácticas; ciertos patrones de frecuencia temporal de práctica; diferencias en términos de horas de dedicación según actividad o género, y predominio de la presencia de los pares. Los datos recogidos muestran la utilidad de los PT para orientar estrategias de intervención dirigidas a potenciar o mejorar las jornadas extraescolares, y así incidir positivamente sobre los tiempos escolares y no escolares (AU)

Studies of extracurricular activities in adolescence show that nonschool time can be used to improve academic performance and personal development, but it is also possible to use it in risky behaviors or addictions. These distinguishing nuances can be analyzed by a time budget (TB), which records the activities accomplished, also incorporating the diversity of activities within the whole repertoire of the teenager, as well as the distribution and amount of time spent on different days and people who accompany each practice. Drawing on this, our goal was to understand the uses of time once leaving the school, taking into account interpersonal relationships and patterns of recurrence in extracurricular activities. Participants were 103 adolescents (43 girls, 60 boys), aged 11 to 18 years (M = 14.1, SD = 2.0). An ad hoc TB was used during one week, registering the out-of-school-time activities - related to sport, education or art -, specifying who accomplished each activity with any participant. Results show little multiactivity, differences between girls and boys regarding the activities, moments and times of practices; certain patterns of temporal frequency of practice; differences in terms of hours devoted according to activity or gender, and the regular presence of peers. The data collected show the usefulness of the TB to guide intervention strategies to enhance or improve extracurricular activities sessions, thus having a positive impact on school and out-of-school time (AU)

Estudos de atividades extracurriculares na adolescência mostram que o tempo não-escolar pode ser usado para melhorar o desempenho acadêmico e desenvolvimento pessoal, mas também é possível usá-lo em comportamentos de risco ou vícios. Essas nuances que distinguem-se podem ser analisados por um time budget (TB): além da coleta das atividades desenvolvidas, o TB incorpora a diversidade do das atividades dentro do repertório do adolescente, a distribuição e quantidade de tempo gasto em dias diferentes e as pessoas que acompanhar cada prática. Com base nessa sensibilidade, nosso objetivo foi compreender os usos do tempo depois de sair da escola, com base em relações interpessoais e padrões de recidiva em atividades extracurriculares. Participaram 103 adolescentes (43 meninas, 60 meninos), com idade entre 11 a 18 anos (M = 14.1, SD = 2.0). Um TB ad hoc foi utilizado, coletando por uma semana as atividades —físico- -esportivas, formação ou artística—realizadas fora do horário escolar, especificando as pessoas que acompanham a realização de cada atividade. Os resultados mostram pouca pluriatividade, diferenças entre meninas e meninos em relação à realização de atividades, momentos e tempos de práticas; certos padrões de frequência temporal da prática; diferenças em termos de horas de dedicação como atividade ou gênero, e predominância da presença dos amigos. Os dados coletados mostram a utilidade do TB para orientar as estratégias de intervenção para aumentar ou melhorar sessões extracurriculares, e, assim, ter um impacto positivo nos tempos escolares e não-escolares (AU)

Sport participation and injuries among undergraduate students of a Nigerian University.

Backgroud: Sports participation is a healthy behaviour but it is not without the risk of injuries. Information on the extent of sport participation and sport injuries among Nigerian Unversity students is sparse. Objeclive: To determine the prevalence and types of sport participation and injuries among university.students in Nigeria. Factors associated with sport participation among students were also examined. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey was conducted using a self-administered questionnaire to collect information on the frequcncy and types of sport participation and sport-related injuries among a representative sample of undergraduate students of the University of Lagos, Nigeria. Resuts: A sport participation prevalence of 64.2% (95%CI: 59.5 - 68.7) was recorded among students. Football (soccer) (53.2%) had the highest participation rate. Male students (78.4% vs.41.2%) participated more frequently in sports (p <0.001). Overall injury rate was 52.5 injuries/100 students/ year (95%CI: 46.5 - 58.5). The prevalence of injury was 45.7% in male and 12.7% in female students. About half (49.3%) of reported injuries resulted in time loss. The leg and ankle were the most frequently injured body parts for all injuries and most serious injuries. Football recorded the highest prevalence of injury (73.8%). CONCLUSION: Sport participation among students was fair and injury rate was considerably high, mostly affecting the lower extremity and most injuries resulting from football participation. This study suggests the need for improved sport participation support among students and the need for the initiation of injury prevention initiatives by stakeholders.

Acute Mountain Sickness (AMS) Knowledge Among High Altitude Marathon Runners Competing in the Everest Marathon.

OBJECTIVE: Although there are a number of studies on trekkers' knowledge of acute mountain sickness (AMS), there is little current literature on other groups at altitude, for example, marathon runners. Increased knowledge of AMS is associated with a lower incidence of AMS. The purpose of this study was to determine AMS knowledge of marathon runners with an aim to improve AMS information distribution. Incidence of AMS was also determined. METHODS: Participants completed a self-assessment AMS knowledge questionnaire in Kathmandu before starting the acclimatization trek for the Tenzing Hillary Everest Marathon in Nepal. Lake Louise Scoring questionnaires were completed every day of the 12-day acclimatization trek. RESULTS: The majority (86%; 43 of 50) of participants obtained information about AMS before the marathon, with the Internet providing the most common source (50%; 25 of 50). Ninety-two percent (46 of 50) of participants rated their knowledge as average or above, and self-assessment correlated with knowledge questionnaire scores (r = .479, P < .001). However, 48% (24 of 50) did not know it was unsafe to ascend with mild AMS symptoms, and 66% (33 of 50) thought it was safe to go higher with symptoms relieved by medication. Only 50% (25 of 50) knew AMS could occur from 2500 m. Thirty-eight percent (19 of 50) of participants had AMS during the acclimatization trek, and 6% (3 of 50) experienced it during the race. CONCLUSIONS: This study adds to previous literature regarding knowledge and incidence of AMS. It further highlights that more needs to be done to improve knowledge through better information dissemination, with inclusion of scenario-based information to aid application of this knowledge to practical situations.

VI Jornadas Nacionales de Medicina del Deporte: Bilbao, 27 y 28 de noviembre 2015 - Comunicaciones científicas / No disponible

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British athletics muscle injury classification: a reliability study for a new grading system.

AIM: To implement and validate the newly proposed British athletics muscle injury classification in the assessment of hamstring injuries in track and field athletes and to analyse the nature and frequency of the discrepancies. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a retrospective study analysing hamstring injuries in elite British athletes using the proposed classification system. Classification of 65 hamstring injuries in 45 high-level athletes by two radiologists at two time points 4 months apart to determine interrater variability, intrarater variability, and feasibility of the classification system was undertaken. RESULTS: Interrater Kappa values of 0.80 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.67-0.92; p<0.0001) for Round 1 and 0.88 (95% CI: 0.76-1.00; p<0.0001) for Round 2 of the review were observed. Percentages of agreement were 85% for Round 1 and 91% for Round 2. The intrarater Kappa value for the two reviewers were 0.76 (95% CI: 0.63-0.88; p<0.0001) and 0.65 (95% CI: 0.53-0.76; p<0.0001) and the average was 0.71 suggesting substantial overall agreement. The percentages of agreement were 82% and 72%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: This classification system is straightforward to use and produces both reproducible and consistent results based on interrater and intrarater Kappa values with at least substantial agreement in all groups. Further work is ongoing to investigate whether individual grades within this classification system provide prognostic information and could guide clinical management.

Creatine Usage and Education of Track and Field Throwers at National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I Universities.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the level of creatine use along with the perceived benefits and barriers of creatine use among collegiate athletes who participate in throwing events within the sport of track and field. A total of 258 throwers from National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I institutions completed an online survey regarding creatine. The results provided baseline levels of creatine use and allowed for the analysis of factors related to athletic conference affiliation. Results indicate that creatine use remains to be a common (32.7%) practice among throwers with significantly higher levels of use among Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS) conference athletes (44.6%) than Football Championship Subdivision (FCS) conference athletes (28.8%), χ² = 5.505, p = 0.019. The most common reasons for using creatine included a desire to improve/increase: strength (83.3%), recovery time (69.0%), and performance (60.7%). The most common perceived obstacles included contamination/quality control (39.5%), cost (33.3%), inconvenience (16.7%), and cramping (14.3%). A desire for additional education and training was noted through an expression of interest (55.6%) with significantly higher levels of interest from FBS athletes (65.6%) than FCS athletes (52.2%), χ² = 6.425, p = 0.039. However, the athletic departments provide nutritional supplement counseling at only 26.6% of the schools. Although the access to full-time nutritionist counsel was available at 57.3% of the schools, there was a significant difference (χ² = 9.096, p = 0.003) between FBS schools (73.7%) and FCS schools (51.7%).